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Django is a high-level Python web framework that follows the Model-View-Template (MVT) architectural pattern. It emphasizes rapid development and clean, pragmatic design.
Key features include:
- Batteries included: Comes with built-in features like ORM, admin interface, authentication
- DRY principle: Don't Repeat Yourself philosophy
- Security: Built-in protection against common vulnerabilities
- Scalability: Can handle high-traffic sites
- Versatility: Suitable for various types of web applications
- Strong community: Large ecosystem and extensive documentation
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Explain the MVT (Model-View-Template) architecture in Django.
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MVT is Django's architectural pattern:
- Model: Represents data structure and business logic. Handles database operations through Django ORM.
- View: Contains business logic and acts as a bridge between Model and Template. Processes requests and returns responses.
- Template: Handles presentation layer (HTML). Defines how data is displayed to users.
The flow: URL dispatcher routes requests to appropriate View → View processes request and interacts with Model → View renders Template with data → Response sent to user.
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What is Django ORM and what are its advantages?
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Django ORM (Object-Relational Mapping) is a layer that allows you to interact with databases using Python code instead of SQL. It maps database tables to Python classes and rows to objects.
Advantages:
- Database abstraction: Works with multiple database backends
- Security: Prevents SQL injection attacks
- Portability: Easy to switch between databases
- Pythonic: Write database queries using Python syntax
- Automatic SQL generation: ORM generates optimized SQL queries
- Migrations: Automatic schema management
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What is the difference between Django's `urls.py` and `views.py`?
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- urls.py: Contains URL patterns that map URLs to view functions. Acts as a router determining which view should handle specific URLs.
- views.py: Contains view functions/classes that process HTTP requests and return HTTP responses. Contains the actual business logic.
Example:
# urls.py
urlpatterns = [
path('articles/', views.article_list, name='article_list'),
]
# views.py
def article_list(request):
articles = Article.objects.all()
return render(request, 'articles/list.html', {'articles': articles})
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What are Django apps and how do they differ from projects?
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- Project: The entire Django application containing settings, configurations, and multiple apps
- App: A sub-module within a project that handles specific functionality
A project can contain multiple apps, and apps can be reused across different projects. Apps should follow the single responsibility principle - each app should have one clear purpose.
Example structure:
myproject/ # Project
├── blog/ # App
├── users/ # App
├── settings.py # Project settings
└── urls.py # Project URLs
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Explain Django model fields and provide examples of commonly used field types.
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Django model fields define the data types and constraints for database columns.
Common field types:
class Article(models.Model):
title = models.CharField(max_length=200)
content = models.TextField()
published_date = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
is_published = models.BooleanField(default=False)
author = models.ForeignKey(User, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
tags = models.ManyToManyField(Tag)
email = models.EmailField()
slug = models.SlugField(unique=True)
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What is the difference between function-based views and class-based views?
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Function-based views (FBV): Simple functions that take request and return response
def article_list(request):
articles = Article.objects.all()
return render(request, 'articles/list.html', {'articles': articles})
Class-based views (CBV): Classes that inherit from Django's view classes
from django.views.generic import ListView
class ArticleListView(ListView):
model = Article
template_name = 'articles/list.html'
context_object_name = 'articles'
CBVs provide more structure and reusability, while FBVs are simpler and more explicit.
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Explain Django's URL dispatcher and how URL patterns work.
Explain Django template language and its key features.
What is template inheritance and how does it work?
What are Django forms and what are their advantages?
What is the difference between Django forms and ModelForms?
Explain Django's built-in authentication system.
What are Django model relationships? Explain ForeignKey, OneToOneField, and ManyToManyField.
What is the purpose of `on_delete` parameter in ForeignKey relationships?
Explain Django migrations and their purpose.
What is the difference between `null=True` and `blank=True` in Django model fields?
Explain Django QuerySets and lazy evaluation.
What are Django model managers and how do you create custom managers?
Explain `select_related()` and `prefetch_related()` in Django ORM.
What are Django model validators and how do you create custom validators?
What are Django's generic class-based views and when would you use them?
How do you handle different HTTP methods in Django views?
What are Django decorators and provide examples of commonly used ones.
How do you create and use custom template tags and filters?
How do you handle form validation in Django?
What is CSRF protection in Django and how does it work?
How do you create custom user models in Django?
What are Django permissions and how do you implement custom permissions?
How do you implement role-based access control in Django?
How do you customize the Django admin interface?
What are admin actions and how do you create custom admin actions?
What is Django middleware and how does it work?
How do you create custom middleware in Django?
How do you create REST APIs in Django? Compare Django REST Framework with plain Django.
What are Django REST Framework serializers and their types?
How do you write tests in Django? Explain different types of tests.
What are Django test fixtures and factories?
What are common Django performance optimization techniques?
Explain Django's caching framework.
What is database connection pooling and how do you implement it in Django?
What are common security vulnerabilities in Django and how do you prevent them?
How do you implement rate limiting in Django?
What are important Django settings for production deployment?
How do you handle static files and media files in Django production?
Explain Django's deployment with WSGI and ASGI.
What are Django signals and when should you use them?
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Django cheatsheet
- Django Basics01
- Models & ORM02
- Views03
- URLs04
- Templates05
- Forms06
- Authentication & Authorization07
- Middleware08
- Django REST Framework Basics09
- Security Best Practices10
- Performance Optimization11
- Testing12
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