Four main exchange types:

1. Direct Exchange: Routes messages based on exact routing key match
   • Message routing key must exactly match queue binding key
   • Used for unicast routing
2. Fanout Exchange: Routes messages to all bound queues, ignoring routing key
   • Broadcasts messages to all queues
   • Used for publish/subscribe patterns
3. Topic Exchange: Routes messages based on wildcard patterns in routing keys
   • Uses patterns with * (one word) and # (zero or more words)
   • Example: stock.*.price matches stock.usd.price
4. Headers Exchange: Routes based on message headers instead of routing key
   • Matches header attributes using "all" or "any" logic