How do you handle errors in TypeScript?

TypeScript supports JavaScript's error handling mechanisms with additional type safety:

// Basic try-catch
function parseNumber(value: string): number {
  try {
    const parsed = parseInt(value);
    if (isNaN(parsed)) {
      throw new Error(`Invalid number: ${value}`);
    }
    return parsed;
  } catch (error) {
    if (error instanceof Error) {
      console.error(error.message);
    }
    throw error;
  }
}

// Custom error types
class ValidationError extends Error {
  constructor(
    message: string,
    public field: string,
    public value: any
  ) {
    super(message);
    this.name = 'ValidationError';
  }
}

function validateEmail(email: string): void {
  if (!email.includes('@')) {
    throw new ValidationError('Invalid email format', 'email', email);
  }
}