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Explain the difference between == and .equals() in Java.

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  • == compares memory addresses (reference equality) for objects, and actual values for primitives.
  • .equals() compares the actual content/values of objects.
String s1 = new String("Hello");
String s2 = new String("Hello");
String s3 = "Hello";
String s4 = "Hello";

System.out.println(s1 == s2);        // false (different objects)
System.out.println(s1.equals(s2));   // true (same content)
System.out.println(s3 == s4);        // true (string pool)
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