What is the difference between Authentication and Authorization?

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Authentication is the process of verifying who a user is, while authorization determines what that authenticated user is allowed to do.

Authentication answers "Who are you?" - It's about identity verification
Authorization answers "What can you do?" - It's about permissions and access control
Example:
When you log into your email account:
Authentication: Entering your username/password proves you are the account owner
Authorization: The system then determines if you can read emails, send emails, access admin settings, etc.

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