A Virtual Private Network (VPN) creates a secure, encrypted connection over a public network (typically the internet), allowing users to access private networks remotely as if they were directly connected.
Security mechanisms:
Encryption: VPNs encrypt all data transmitted through the tunnel, making it unreadable to interceptors. Common protocols include AES-256 encryption.
Tunneling: Creates a secure "tunnel" through the public internet, encapsulating private network traffic within encrypted packets.
Authentication: Verifies user and device identity before establishing connections, often using certificates, pre-shared keys, or multi-factor authentication.
Data integrity: Ensures transmitted data hasn't been tampered with during transit using cryptographic hashes.
Common VPN types:
- Site-to-site VPN: Connects entire networks (branch offices to headquarters)
- Remote access VPN: Allows individual users to connect to corporate networks
- Client-to-site VPN: Personal VPN services for privacy and bypassing geo-restrictions
Protocols: IPSec, SSL/TLS, PPTP, L2TP, WireGuard, each offering different security levels and performance characteristics.
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