What is the Bulkhead pattern and how does it differ from Circuit Breaker?

The Bulkhead pattern isolates different parts of a system into separate resource pools to prevent failure in one area from affecting others. It's named after ship bulkheads that prevent water from flooding the entire vessel.
Key differences from Circuit Breaker:
Bulkhead Pattern:

• Isolation: Separates resources (threads, connections, memory)
• Prevention: Stops resource exhaustion before it happens
• Scope: Protects internal system resources
• Strategy: Resource partitioning
  Circuit Breaker Pattern:
• Protection: Stops calls to failing external services
• Detection: Reacts after failures are detected
• Scope: Protects against external dependency failures
• Strategy: Request blocking
  Example scenario:

// Bulkhead: Separate thread pools for different operations
ThreadPoolExecutor paymentPool = new ThreadPoolExecutor(5, 10, ...);
ThreadPoolExecutor notificationPool = new ThreadPoolExecutor(3, 6, ...);
// Circuit Breaker: Protect calls to external payment service
CircuitBreaker paymentServiceBreaker = new CircuitBreaker();