Authentication factors are categorized into three types:
Something you know (Knowledge factors):
Passwords, PINs, security questions
Passphrases, secret keys
Something you have (Possession factors):
Smartphones with authenticator apps
Hardware tokens, smart cards
SMS tokens, email confirmations
Something you are (Inherence factors):
Fingerprints, facial recognition
Retina scans, voice patterns
Behavioral biometrics (typing patterns) Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) combines two or more of these factors to enhance security. For example, using a password (knowledge) + SMS code (possession) provides stronger security than password alone.
Rewriting in plainer words…
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