Explain the difference between unit testing, integration testing, and end-to-end testing.

beginner

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Unit Testing: Tests individual components in isolation using mocks. Fast and focused.
Integration Testing: Tests how components work together. Involves real dependencies like databases.
End-to-End Testing: Tests complete user workflows through the entire system. Comprehensive but slow.

Test Pyramid: Many unit tests (fast, cheap) → Some integration tests → Few E2E tests (slow, expensive).

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