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of 50What is software testing and why is it important?
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Software testing evaluates and verifies that software applications meet requirements and function correctly through manual or automated execution.
Importance:
- Quality Assurance: Ensures software meets quality standards
- Risk Mitigation: Identifies defects before production
- Cost Reduction: Early bug detection is less expensive
- User Satisfaction: Better user experience and reliability
- Compliance: Meets regulatory and business requirements
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Explain the difference between verification and validation.
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Verification answers "Are we building the product right?"
- Static process of checking documents, design, code without executing
- Reviews, walkthroughs, inspections
- Ensures the product meets specifications
Validation answers "Are we building the right product?"
- Dynamic process involving actual execution of code
- Testing the actual software against user requirements
- Ensures the product meets user needs and expectations
Example: Verification checks if login form has username/password fields as per design. Validation tests if users can actually log in successfully.
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What are the different levels of testing?
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The four main levels of testing are:
- Unit Testing: Testing individual components or modules in isolation
- Integration Testing: Testing interfaces between integrated components
- System Testing: Testing the complete integrated system
- Acceptance Testing: Final testing to determine if system meets business requirements
Each level has specific objectives and is typically performed by different roles (developers, testers, users).
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What is the difference between static and dynamic testing?
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Static Testing:
- Testing without executing code
- Reviews, walkthroughs, inspections
- Code analysis tools, syntax checking
- Early defect detection
- Examples: Code reviews, requirement reviews
Dynamic Testing:
- Testing by executing code
- Functional and non-functional testing
- Requires test environment
- Runtime behavior validation
- Examples: Unit testing, system testing, performance testing
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Explain positive and negative testing with examples.
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Positive Testing: Testing with valid inputs to verify system works as expected
- Example: Login with correct username/password should succeed
Negative Testing: Testing with invalid inputs to verify system handles errors gracefully
- Example: Login with wrong password should show appropriate error message
Both are essential for comprehensive testing coverage.
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What is the difference between functional and non-functional testing?
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Functional Testing: Verifies what the system does
- Tests specific business requirements
- Examples: Unit, integration, system, acceptance testing
- Focus on functionality, features, and user interactions
Non-Functional Testing: Verifies how the system performs
- Tests quality attributes
- Examples: Performance, security, usability, scalability testing
- Focus on system behavior under various conditions
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of test automation?
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Advantages:
- Faster execution
- Reusable test scripts
- Better accuracy
- Cost-effective for regression testing
- 24/7 execution capability
- Better resource utilization
Disadvantages:
- High initial investment
- Maintenance overhead
- Cannot automate exploratory testing
- Tool dependencies
- Requires skilled resources
- Not suitable for frequently changing UI
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What is the difference between QA and QC?
Explain test case design and test case components.
What tools are used for API testing?
Explain the Software Testing Life Cycle (STLC).
Explain white box, black box, and gray box testing.
What is regression testing and when is it performed?
Explain smoke testing and sanity testing.
What is API testing and why is it important?
Explain database testing and its key aspects.
Explain equivalence partitioning with an example.
What is boundary value analysis?
Explain decision table testing.
What is the test automation pyramid?
How do you select test cases for automation?
What is Page Object Model (POM)?
Explain data-driven testing.
Explain the concept of shift-left testing.
What are quality gates in software testing?
What is test planning and what does a test plan contain?
What is defect life cycle?
Explain test execution and test reporting.
What is performance testing and its types?
Explain load testing vs stress testing.
What are key performance testing metrics?
What is security testing and its key areas?
What are the key aspects of API testing?
How do you test RESTful APIs?
What are the key challenges in mobile testing?
Explain the difference between native, web, and hybrid mobile app testing.
What mobile testing tools are commonly used?
What is agile testing and how does it differ from traditional testing?
Explain the role of a tester in agile teams.
What are important test metrics and how are they calculated?
What should be included in a test summary report?
What is state transition testing?
What is keyword-driven testing?
What is risk-based testing?
Explain SQL injection and how to test for it.
What is cross-site scripting (XSS) and how to test for it?
What is behavior-driven development (BDD) and how does it help testing?
How do you measure test effectiveness?
What is shift-right testing and how does it complement shift-left?
How do you implement continuous testing in DevOps pipelines?
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