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01

What is Go and what are its main characteristics?

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Go (or Golang) is an open-source programming language developed by Google. Its main characteristics include:

  • Statically typed: Type checking at compile time
  • Compiled: Produces native machine code
  • Garbage collected: Automatic memory management
  • Concurrent: Built-in support for concurrent programming with goroutines
  • Simple syntax: Minimalist design with fewer keywords
  • Fast compilation: Quick build times
  • Cross-platform: Compiles to multiple operating systems and architectures
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02

How do you declare variables in Go?

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Go provides multiple ways to declare variables:

// Explicit type declaration
var name string = "John"
var age int = 30

// Type inference
var name = "John"
var age = 30

// Short variable declaration (inside functions only)
name := "John"
age := 30

// Multiple variable declaration
var a, b, c int = 1, 2, 3
x, y := 10, "hello"
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03

What is the difference between `var` and `:=` in Go?

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  • var can be used at package and function level, supports explicit type declaration, and initializes with zero values if not assigned
  • := (short variable declaration) can only be used inside functions, always requires initialization, and uses type inference
// Package level - must use var
var globalVar string

func main() {
    // Both are valid inside functions
    var localVar string    // Zero value: ""
    shortVar := "hello"    // Type inferred as string
}
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04

What are Go's basic data types?

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Go's basic data types include:

Numeric types:

  • int, int8, int16, int32, int64
  • uint, uint8, uint16, uint32, uint64
  • float32, float64
  • complex64, complex128

Other basic types:

  • bool (true/false)
  • string (UTF-8 encoded)
  • byte (alias for uint8)
  • rune (alias for int32, represents Unicode code point)
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05

How do you create and use constants in Go?

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Constants are declared using the const keyword and cannot be changed after declaration:

const Pi = 3.14159
const MaxUsers = 100

// Grouped constants
const (
    StatusOK     = 200
    StatusError  = 500
    StatusPending = 202
)

// iota for auto-incrementing constants
const (
    Sunday = iota  // 0
    Monday         // 1
    Tuesday        // 2
)
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06

What are slices and how do they differ from arrays?

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Arrays have fixed size, while slices are dynamic:

// Array - fixed size
var arr [5]int = [5]int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

// Slice - dynamic size
var slice []int = []int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
slice = append(slice, 6) // Can grow

// Creating slices
slice1 := make([]int, 5)      // length 5, capacity 5
slice2 := make([]int, 5, 10)  // length 5, capacity 10

Slices are more commonly used because of their flexibility and built-in functions like append().

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07

How do you work with maps in Go?

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Maps are key-value pairs similar to hash tables:

// Creating maps
ages := make(map[string]int)
ages["Alice"] = 30
ages["Bob"] = 25

// Map literal
ages := map[string]int{
    "Alice": 30,
    "Bob":   25,
}

// Checking if key exists
age, exists := ages["Alice"]
if exists {
    fmt.Println("Alice's age:", age)
}

// Deleting keys
delete(ages, "Bob")
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08

What are structs in Go and how do you use them?

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Structs are custom types that group related data:

type Person struct {
    Name string
    Age  int
    City string
}

// Creating struct instances
p1 := Person{Name: "Alice", Age: 30, City: "NYC"}
p2 := Person{"Bob", 25, "LA"} // positional
p3 := &Person{Name: "Charlie", Age: 35} // pointer to struct

// Accessing fields
fmt.Println(p1.Name)
p1.Age = 31
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09

How do pointers work in Go?

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Pointers store memory addresses of variables:

var x int = 42
var p *int = &x  // p points to x

fmt.Println(*p)  // Dereference: prints 42
*p = 21          // Change value through pointer
fmt.Println(x)   // prints 21

// Zero value of pointer is nil
var ptr *int
if ptr == nil {
    fmt.Println("Pointer is nil")
}
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10

What are functions in Go and how do you define them?

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Functions are defined using the func keyword:

// Basic function
func add(a, b int) int {
    return a + b
}

// Multiple return values
func divide(a, b float64) (float64, error) {
    if b == 0 {
        return 0, errors.New("division by zero")
    }
    return a / b, nil
}

// Named return values
func calculate(a, b int) (sum, product int) {
    sum = a + b
    product = a * b
    return // naked return
}
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11

How does error handling work in Go?

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12

What are the control structures in Go?

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13

What is the difference between `make` and `new` in Go?

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14

How do you iterate over collections in Go?

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15

What are packages in Go and how do you use them?

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16

What is the `init()` function in Go?

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17

How do you handle string manipulation in Go?

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18

What are method receivers in Go?

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19

What is type assertion in Go?

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20

How do you work with JSON in Go?

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21

What are zero values in Go?

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22

How do you convert between different types in Go?

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23

What is the `defer` statement in Go?

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24

What are variadic functions in Go?

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25

How do you handle command-line arguments in Go?

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Intermediate 27
26

How do panic and recover work in Go?

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27

What are interfaces in Go and how do they work?

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28

What are goroutines and how do they work?

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29

Explain channels in Go and their types.

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30

What is the difference between buffered and unbuffered channels?

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31

How do you implement HTTP servers in Go?

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32

How do you handle HTTP middleware in Go?

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33

How do you work with databases in Go?

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34

What is the `context` package and how do you use it?

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35

How do you implement graceful shutdown in Go HTTP servers?

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36

What are Go modules and how do dependency management work?

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37

How do you write unit tests in Go?

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38

What is the `sync` package and when do you use it?

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39

How do you handle race conditions in Go?

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40

What are worker pools and how do you implement them?

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41

How do you implement custom error types in Go?

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42

How do Go generics work and when should you use them?

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43

What is reflection in Go and when should you use it?

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44

How do you work with time and dates in Go?

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45

How do you handle file I/O in Go?

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46

What are Go build tags and how do you use them?

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47

How do you implement configuration management in Go?

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48

How do you implement logging in Go applications?

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49

What are embedding and composition in Go?

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50

How do you implement pagination in Go APIs?

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51

How do you handle request validation in Go?

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52

How do you implement rate limiting in Go?

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Expert 15
53

How does Go's garbage collector work and how can you optimize for it?

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54

Explain Go's memory model and happens-before relationships.

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55

How do you implement custom schedulers and worker pools with different patterns?

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56

How do you implement distributed locks in Go?

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57

How do you implement efficient caching strategies in Go?

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58

How do you implement event sourcing and CQRS patterns in Go?

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59

How do you implement custom build constraints and conditional compilation?

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60

How do you implement advanced profiling and performance optimization?

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61

How do you implement microservices communication patterns in Go?

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62

How do you implement advanced security patterns in Go?

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63

How do you implement distributed tracing in Go applications?

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64

How do you implement custom schedulers and advanced concurrency patterns?

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65

How do you implement advanced debugging and introspection capabilities?

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66

How do you implement custom memory allocators and unsafe optimizations?

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67

How do you implement advanced metaprogramming and code generation?

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