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of 35What is MySQL and what are its key features?
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MySQL is an open-source relational database management system (RDBMS) that uses Structured Query Language (SQL). Key features include:
- ACID Compliance: Ensures data integrity through Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability
- Cross-platform: Runs on various operating systems (Linux, Windows, macOS)
- Storage Engines: Supports multiple storage engines like InnoDB, MyISAM, Memory
- Replication: Master-slave and master-master replication support
- Partitioning: Horizontal partitioning for large tables
- Triggers and Stored Procedures: Server-side programming capabilities
- Full-text Indexing: Advanced text search capabilities
- High Performance: Optimized for speed and reliability
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What are the different storage engines in MySQL?
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MySQL supports multiple storage engines, each optimized for different use cases:
- InnoDB (Default): ACID-compliant, supports foreign keys, row-level locking, crash recovery
- MyISAM: Table-level locking, faster for read-heavy workloads, no foreign key support
- Memory/HEAP: Stores data in RAM, very fast but volatile
- Archive: Compressed storage for archival data, insert and select only
- CSV: Stores data in CSV format, useful for data exchange
- Federated: Access remote MySQL tables as local tables
- NDB: Clustered storage engine for MySQL Cluster
Example to check storage engine:
SHOW TABLE STATUS WHERE Name = 'table_name';
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Explain the difference between DELETE, DROP, and TRUNCATE.
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- DELETE: Removes specific rows based on WHERE clause, can be rolled back, triggers fire, slower
- DROP: Removes entire table structure and data, cannot be rolled back, very fast
- TRUNCATE: Removes all rows but keeps table structure, faster than DELETE, limited rollback
-- DELETE specific rows
DELETE FROM users WHERE age < 18;
-- TRUNCATE all data
TRUNCATE TABLE users;
-- DROP entire table
DROP TABLE users;
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What is the difference between CHAR and VARCHAR?
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- CHAR: Fixed-length string, padded with spaces, faster for fixed-size data, uses more storage
- VARCHAR: Variable-length string, stores actual length + data, more storage efficient
-- CHAR always uses 10 bytes
name CHAR(10)
-- VARCHAR uses 1-255 bytes + length bytes
name VARCHAR(255)
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What are the numeric data types in MySQL?
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MySQL numeric types include:
Integer Types:
- TINYINT: 1 byte (-128 to 127)
- SMALLINT: 2 bytes (-32,768 to 32,767)
- MEDIUMINT: 3 bytes (-8,388,608 to 8,388,607)
- INT: 4 bytes (-2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647)
- BIGINT: 8 bytes (very large range)
Decimal Types:
- DECIMAL/NUMERIC: Exact precision, for financial data
- FLOAT: 4 bytes, approximate precision
- DOUBLE: 8 bytes, double precision
CREATE TABLE products (
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
price DECIMAL(10,2),
weight FLOAT,
quantity SMALLINT UNSIGNED
);
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Explain AUTO_INCREMENT in MySQL.
What are aggregate functions in MySQL?
Explain the LIMIT clause and its use with OFFSET.
What is database normalization and its forms?
Explain the difference between HAVING and WHERE clauses.
What is a subquery and what are its types?
Explain different types of JOINs in MySQL.
What is a self-join and when would you use it?
Explain foreign key constraints.
What is an index and why is it important?
What are the different types of indexes in MySQL?
Explain the EXPLAIN statement and its importance.
What are stored procedures and their advantages?
Explain triggers in MySQL.
What are views and their benefits?
Explain transactions and ACID properties.
How do you backup and restore MySQL databases?
What is the difference between MyISAM and InnoDB?
What are MySQL's JSON data type capabilities?
How do you implement database connection pooling?
What is query optimization and how do you optimize slow queries?
What are isolation levels in MySQL?
Explain deadlocks and how to handle them.
Explain MySQL replication.
What is partitioning and when would you use it?
How do you monitor MySQL performance?
What are the key MySQL configuration parameters?
Explain MySQL's query cache (and why it was deprecated).
How do you handle large table operations efficiently?
What are common MySQL performance tuning strategies?
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