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of 34What is Kubernetes and why is it needed?
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Kubernetes is an open-source container orchestration platform that automates the deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications. It was originally developed by Google and is now maintained by the Cloud Native Computing Foundation (CNCF).
Why Kubernetes is needed:
- Container Management at Scale: Managing hundreds or thousands of containers manually is impractical
- High Availability: Automatically restarts failed containers and replaces unhealthy instances
- Scalability: Automatically scales applications based on demand
- Load Distribution: Distributes traffic across multiple container instances
- Resource Optimization: Efficiently utilizes cluster resources
- Rolling Updates: Enables zero-downtime deployments
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Explain the architecture of Kubernetes
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Kubernetes follows a master-worker architecture:
Control Plane (Master) Components:
- API Server: Entry point for all REST commands; validates and processes requests
- etcd: Distributed key-value store that holds cluster state and configuration
- Controller Manager: Runs controllers that manage cluster state
- Scheduler: Assigns pods to nodes based on resource requirements and constraints
Worker Node Components:
- kubelet: Agent that communicates with the control plane and manages containers
- kube-proxy: Network proxy that maintains network rules and handles load balancing
- Container Runtime: Software responsible for running containers (Docker, containerd, CRI-O)
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What is a Pod and why is it the smallest deployable unit?
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A Pod is the smallest and simplest unit in Kubernetes that represents a group of one or more containers that:
- Share the same network namespace (IP address and port space)
- Share storage volumes
- Are scheduled together on the same node
- Live and die together
Why Pods exist:
- Shared Resources: Containers in a pod can communicate via localhost and share volumes
- Co-location: Ensures tightly coupled containers run on the same node
- Atomic Unit: All containers in a pod are scheduled, started, and stopped together
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: my-pod
spec:
containers:
- name: web-container
image: nginx:1.20
ports:
- containerPort: 80
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What is the difference between a Pod and a Container?
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Container:
- A single running instance of an application
- Isolated process with its own filesystem, network, and resources
- Created from a container image
Pod:
- A wrapper around one or more containers
- Provides shared networking and storage for containers
- Smallest deployable unit in Kubernetes
- Can contain helper containers (sidecars) alongside the main application container
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What is a Service in Kubernetes?
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A Service is an abstraction that defines a logical set of Pods and provides a stable way to access them. Services solve the problem of Pod IP addresses changing when Pods are recreated.
Types of Services:
- ClusterIP: Exposes service only within the cluster (default)
- NodePort: Exposes service on each node's IP at a static port
- LoadBalancer: Exposes service externally using a cloud provider's load balancer
- ExternalName: Maps service to a DNS name
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: my-service
spec:
selector:
app: my-app
ports:
- port: 80
targetPort: 8080
type: ClusterIP
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What is a Deployment and how does it differ from a Pod?
What is kubectl and what are some common commands?
What are Labels and Selectors?
What is a Namespace in Kubernetes?
What is the difference between ReplicaSet and Deployment?
Explain ConfigMaps and Secrets. When would you use each?
What are Persistent Volumes (PV) and Persistent Volume Claims (PVC)?
What is an Ingress and how does it differ from a Service?
What are Liveness, Readiness, and Startup Probes?
How do you manage resource requests and limits in Kubernetes?
What are DaemonSets and when would you use them?
What is a StatefulSet and how does it differ from a Deployment?
Explain Horizontal Pod Autoscaler (HPA)
What are Jobs and CronJobs?
What are Init Containers?
Explain Kubernetes RBAC (Role-Based Access Control)
What are Custom Resources and Custom Resource Definitions (CRDs)?
What are Operators and how do they work?
Explain the Kubernetes networking model
How does the Kubernetes scheduler work?
What are Taints and Tolerations?
Explain Kubernetes Storage Classes and Dynamic Provisioning
How would you troubleshoot a pod that's not starting?
What are Admission Controllers and how do they work?
Explain Kubernetes API Groups and Versions
How do you implement Blue-Green deployments in Kubernetes?
What are the security best practices for Kubernetes?
How do you monitor and observe Kubernetes clusters?
How do you perform disaster recovery for Kubernetes?
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