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of 40What is Kubernetes and what are its main components?
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Kubernetes is an open-source container orchestration platform that automates deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications. The main components include:
Master Node Components:
- API Server: Central management component that exposes the Kubernetes API
- etcd: Distributed key-value store that stores cluster state and configuration
- Controller Manager: Runs controllers that regulate cluster state
- Scheduler: Assigns pods to nodes based on resource requirements
Worker Node Components: - kubelet: Agent that communicates with the API server and manages pods
- kube-proxy: Network proxy that maintains network rules
- Container Runtime: Software that runs containers (Docker, containerd, CRI-O)
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Explain the difference between Pods, Services, and Deployments.
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- Pod: The smallest deployable unit in Kubernetes, containing one or more containers that share storage and network. Pods are ephemeral and typically not created directly.
- Deployment: Higher-level abstraction that manages ReplicaSets and provides declarative updates to Pods. It ensures the desired number of pod replicas are running.
- Service: Abstraction that defines a logical set of Pods and provides stable networking. It enables communication between different parts of an application.
Example:
# Deployment
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: nginx-deployment
spec:
replicas: 3
selector:
matchLabels:
app: nginx
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: nginx
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: nginx:1.20
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What are Kubernetes namespaces and why are they used?
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Namespaces provide a way to partition cluster resources between multiple users or teams. They create virtual clusters within a physical cluster, enabling:
- Resource isolation: Separate environments (dev, staging, prod)
- Access control: Different permissions for different teams
- Resource quotas: Limit resource consumption per namespace
- Name scoping: Same resource names can exist in different namespaces
kubectl create namespace development
kubectl get pods --namespace=development
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What are the different types of Services in Kubernetes?
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Service types determine how services are exposed:
- ClusterIP (default): Internal cluster access only
- NodePort: Exposes service on each node's IP at a static port
- LoadBalancer: Exposes service externally using cloud provider's load balancer
- ExternalName: Maps service to external DNS name
# NodePort Service
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: my-service
spec:
type: NodePort
selector:
app: myapp
ports:
- port: 80
targetPort: 8080
nodePort: 30007
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How do you troubleshoot a pod that's not starting?
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Systematic troubleshooting approach:
# Check pod status
kubectl get pods -o wide
# Describe pod for events
kubectl describe pod <pod-name>
# Check logs
kubectl logs <pod-name>
# Check previous container logs if restarting
kubectl logs <pod-name> --previous
# Check node resources
kubectl top nodes
kubectl describe node <node-name>
Common issues:
- Image pull errors: Check image name, registry access, secrets
- Resource constraints: Insufficient CPU/memory on nodes
- Configuration errors: Invalid environment variables, missing secrets
- Network issues: DNS resolution, service connectivity
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Explain the Pod lifecycle and its phases.
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Pod lifecycle phases:
- Pending: Pod accepted by cluster but containers not yet created
- Running: Pod bound to node, all containers created, at least one running
- Succeeded: All containers terminated successfully
- Failed: All containers terminated, at least one failed
- Unknown: Pod state cannot be determined
Additional states include init containers, readiness/liveness probes, and termination grace periods. Understanding this is crucial for troubleshooting deployment issues.
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How do you perform a rolling update in Kubernetes?
What is a DaemonSet and when would you use it?
Explain StatefulSets vs Deployments. When would you use each?
How do you configure resource requests and limits?
What are init containers and how are they used?
Explain Kubernetes networking model and how pod-to-pod communication works.
How do Ingress controllers work and why are they needed?
Explain Network Policies and provide an example.
Explain the difference between Volumes, Persistent Volumes, and Persistent Volume Claims.
What are Storage Classes and how do they enable dynamic provisioning?
How do you handle persistent storage for stateful applications?
Explain RBAC in Kubernetes and how to implement it.
What are Pod Security Standards and how do you implement them?
How do you secure secrets in Kubernetes?
What are Security Contexts and how do you use them?
How do you monitor Kubernetes cluster health and performance?
What are liveness, readiness, and startup probes?
Explain Quality of Service (QoS) classes in Kubernetes.
How do you implement Resource Quotas and Limit Ranges?
What is the Horizontal Pod Autoscaler (HPA) and how does it work?
How would you backup and restore etcd?
How do you upgrade a Kubernetes cluster?
How do you debug networking issues in Kubernetes?
Explain Vertical Pod Autoscaler (VPA) and when to use it.
How do you implement backup strategies for Kubernetes applications?
What is Velero and how do you use it for backup/restore?
Explain Custom Resource Definitions (CRDs) and Operators.
How do you implement multi-tenancy in Kubernetes?
What are admission controllers and how do you configure them?
How do you implement GitOps with Kubernetes?
How do you manage certificates in Kubernetes?
Explain service mesh and its benefits in Kubernetes.
How do you implement cluster autoscaling?
How do you implement disaster recovery for Kubernetes clusters?
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Kubernetes Administration cheatsheet
Kubernetes Administration Cheat Sheet
- Summary01
- Core Concepts02
- kubectl Essential Commands03
- Pod Management04
- Deployments & ReplicaSets05
- Services & Networking06
- Storage07
- ConfigMaps & Secrets08
- Security09
- Resource Management10
- Monitoring & Logging11
- Troubleshooting12
- + 4 more inside
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